Figures
- Fig. 1: Fluorescence microscopic images of ovine chondrocytes (left) and mesenchymal stem cells (right).
- Fig. 2: Histological staining of subchondral bone (green) and articular cartilage (rot) from a sheep stifle-joint. Calcified cartilage ist visualised in a pink staining.
- Fig. 3: Side view on an ovine femorale condyle of an open joint (left) and arthroscopic view on a healthy human knee joint (right).
- Fig. 4: Defect application in the knee joint of a sheep (left). Defect organisation after 4 weeks (chronification, middle). Implantation of a cartilage graft (Matrix coupled Autologous Chondrocyte Transplantation: MACT, rechts).
- Fig. 5: Dark field microscopic image of a population of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).
- Fig. 6: Closed, aseptic bioreactor.
- Fig. 7: Bioreactor station with 6 individual reactors for cartilage regeneration (left). Graphical presentation of the values during a perfusion and mechanical stimulation (right).
- Fig. 8: Principle structure of the bioreactor system for mechanical loading and perfusion of 3D-grafts (left). Configuration of the hardware and interfaces in the stimulation system (right).
- Fig. 9: Schematic representation of the Microfluidic Optical Stretcher (MOS). Using two counterpropagating laserbeams (red) emerging from optical glass fibers, single cells (green) running through a microfluidic channel (left) can be trapped and stretched by increasing the laser intensity (right). The cells's deformability directly corresponds to the cell's state of differentiation and can therefore be used as a marker for cell sorting.
- Fig. 10: Left: a cell trapped with the MOS. Right: a stretched cell. In the lower part of the figure the cell deformation along the laser axis is plotted versus time.
- Fig. 11: Top view MOS (left). Cell inside the flow channel (right).
- Fig. 12: Ultrasonic microscope with phase contrast (PSAM, 1.2GHz) combined with confocal laser-scanning microscope (CLSM).
- Fig. 13: Combined PSAM and CLSM image of a BALB-3T3 fibroblast cell. In the left image the topography is based on the phase of the ultrasound signal, the ultrasound amplitude is shown in green and the fluorescence is marked in blue. The right image presents in addition the optical reflection contrast (color coding as shown).
- Fig. 14: Malaria infected red blood cells with varying elastic properties imaged by PSAM (left) and CLSM (middle). BALB-3T3-fibroblast imaged with CLSM (red) autofluorescence, 1.2 GHz ultrasound amplitude contrast (blue) in reflection and topographical phase contrast (height, 10 times enhanced). Width of image (right): 125 µm.
- Fig. 15: PSAM image of cells of a subpopulation of MSCs.
- Fig. 16: Matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) used for the final quality control of the cartilage grafts.
- Fig. 17: Direct coupling of MALDI-TOF-MS and thin-layer-chromatography (TLC) for detailed lipid analysis (in cooperation with Bruker Daltonics, Bremen).
- Fig. 18: Model data set of a cell division (top left). Segmentation of this data set (bottom left). Volume data obtained from the image sequence. New cell arising from cell division in red (right, time axis vertical).
- Fig. 19: Processed volume data of cellular co-cultures in matrices (CLSM).
- Fig. 20: Pedigree of lineage specification and cell differentiation. Traditional concept of directed development (left) and new concept of reversible, microenvironment-dependent development.
- Fig. 21: Differentiation scheme for mesenchymal stem cells, which evolve into osteoblasts, chondrocytes or adipocytes depending on growth factors and microenvironment. It still is an open question whether these cells can be transformed into one another (transdifferentiated) (Baksch et al., 2004).
- Fig. 22: Successive knock-out of the growth control in a single cell-based simulation model. Vertical sections across cell populations consisting of 5000 cells. Blue cells have substrate contacts (support), green cells do not. The colour saturation implies imminent cell division (high volume) (Galle et al., 2005).